The preparation of ketene dithioacetals and thiophenes from chloropyridines containing an active methylene group

The base catalysed reaction of carbon disulphide with the active methylene groups of chloropyridines 4 and 7, followed by alkylation with reagents which also contain active methylene groups, lead to ketene dithioacetals. Further reaction with base afforded highly substituted thiophenes

Review of The Encyclopedia of the Central West

The objectives of this encyclopedia, as explained by the author in the introduction, are to present the widest possible body of reference material on the Central West and also to offer a readable work, one to be dipped into for enjoyment as well as information (5). There is no disputing the breadth of the coverage, which extends geographically from North Dakota to Texas and from Nebraska to western Colorado and topically from geology to tourism. Nor can it be denied that the entries are interesting. But conceptually the choice of area is open to dispute, and a close reading of a sample of entries reveals that the accuracy of the information may be queried

Great Plains Indians

David J. Wishart’s Great Plains Indians covers thirteen thousand years of fascinating, dynamic, and often tragic history.From a hunting and gathering lifestyle to first contact with Europeans to land dispossession to claims cases, and much more, Wishart takes a wide-angle look at one of the most significant groups of people in the country. Myriad internal and external forces have profoundly shaped Indian lives on the Great Plains. Those forces—the environment, religion, tradition, guns, disease, government policy—have written their way into this history. Wishart spans the vastness of Indian time on the Great Plains, bringing the reader up to date on reservation conditions and rebounding populations in a sea of rural population decline. Great Plains Indians is a compelling introduction to Indian life on the Great Plains from thirteen thousand years ago to the present

Great Plains Indians

David J. Wishart’s Great Plains Indians covers thirteen thousand years of fascinating, dynamic, and often tragic history.From a hunting and gathering lifestyle to first contact with Europeans to land dispossession to claims cases, and much more, Wishart takes a wide-angle look at one of the most significant groups of people in the country. Myriad internal and external forces have profoundly shaped Indian lives on the Great Plains. Those forces—the environment, religion, tradition, guns, disease, government policy—have written their way into this history. Wishart spans the vastness of Indian time on the Great Plains, bringing the reader up to date on reservation conditions and rebounding populations in a sea of rural population decline. Great Plains Indians is a compelling introduction to Indian life on the Great Plains from thirteen thousand years ago to the present

Review of \u3ci\u3eWilliam H. Ashley: Enterprise and Politics in the Trans-Mississippi West\u3c/i\u3e By Richard M. Clokey

Richard Clokey\u27s biography of William Ashley is the product of fifteen years of research. The time was well spent; this is a thorough, perceptive, and interesting study of a man who played an important role in the early development of the American West. Perhaps more could have been made of Ashley in the existential sense, giving the reader more insight into his personality, but as a historian (and not a psychohistorian) Clokey understandably chose to emphasize the public rather than the private man. Still, Ashley emerges from his actions as a man who sought respect and admiration and,. .. projected the image as a leader of men, able, restrained, responsible, and in command (p. 52). Ashley\u27s role in the fur trade is well-known, thanks to the research of the late Dale Morgan. Clokey\u27s main achievement is to place this segment of Ashley\u27s life in the context of the years that preceded and followed it. What materializes is a depiction of Ashley as a Jacksonian Man, the type whom Richard Hofstadter described as an expectant capitalist, a hard working ambitious person for whom enterprise was a kind of religion. Ashley was born in Virginia in 1778 to a family of modest means. As a young man he moved west in two steps: first to Kentucky in 1798 and then on to the Missouri lead meaning region of St. Genevieve in 1802. There he took advantage of every opportunity to advance himself, engaging in lead mining, the gunpowder trade, and land speculation. He took risks and showed imagination in all his dealings, but he stretched his credit thin and was constantly assailed by debtors. In frontier Missouri this was no blemish to his reputation, and he was elected lieutenant governor of the state in 1820 and appointed general in the state militia in 1821. Ashley\u27s main ambitions were social and political. The economic enterprises were simply means to an end

Review of \u3ci\u3eWilliam H. Ashley: Enterprise and Politics in the Trans-Mississippi West\u3c/i\u3e By Richard M. Clokey

Richard Clokey\u27s biography of William Ashley is the product of fifteen years of research. The time was well spent; this is a thorough, perceptive, and interesting study of a man who played an important role in the early development of the American West. Perhaps more could have been made of Ashley in the existential sense, giving the reader more insight into his personality, but as a historian (and not a psychohistorian) Clokey understandably chose to emphasize the public rather than the private man. Still, Ashley emerges from his actions as a man who sought respect and admiration and,. .. projected the image as a leader of men, able, restrained, responsible, and in command (p. 52). Ashley\u27s role in the fur trade is well-known, thanks to the research of the late Dale Morgan. Clokey\u27s main achievement is to place this segment of Ashley\u27s life in the context of the years that preceded and followed it. What materializes is a depiction of Ashley as a Jacksonian Man, the type whom Richard Hofstadter described as an expectant capitalist, a hard working ambitious person for whom enterprise was a kind of religion. Ashley was born in Virginia in 1778 to a family of modest means. As a young man he moved west in two steps: first to Kentucky in 1798 and then on to the Missouri lead meaning region of St. Genevieve in 1802. There he took advantage of every opportunity to advance himself, engaging in lead mining, the gunpowder trade, and land speculation. He took risks and showed imagination in all his dealings, but he stretched his credit thin and was constantly assailed by debtors. In frontier Missouri this was no blemish to his reputation, and he was elected lieutenant governor of the state in 1820 and appointed general in the state militia in 1821. Ashley\u27s main ambitions were social and political. The economic enterprises were simply means to an end

Natural Areas, Regions, and Two Centuries of Environmental Change on the Great Plains

A careful reading of recent issues of the Natural Areas Journal, the publication of the Natural Areas Association, will leave you with the conclusion that humans are not a part of natural areas. When humans do appear, it is either as disturbing agents, disrupting the naturalness through, for example, the introduction of exotic plants and animals, or as managers, enhancing the naturalness through, for example, prescribed burning. This is an explicit and purposeful exclusion: We can probably all agree, wrote the editor of the journal in 2004, that \u27natural\u27 places are areas where human actions have minimally changed the communities and processes that occur there. In fact, the stated mission of the Natural Areas Association is specifically to benefit and protect natural areas by minimizing the human impact

Editorial : Law in Context for the Digital Age

https://journals.latrobe.edu.au/index.php/law-in-context/article/view/91We introduce both the new inception of Law in Context - A Socio-legal Journal and the continuing issue of LiC 36 (1). The editorial provides a brief historical account of the Journal since its inception in the early 1980s, in the context of the evolution of the Law & Society movement. It also describes the changes produced in the digital age by the emergence of the Web of Data, Big Data, and the Internet of Things. The convergence between Law & Society and Artificial Intelligence & Law is also discussed. Finally, we introduce briefly the articles included in this issue

Applications of Machine Learning in Cancer Prediction and Prognosis

Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence that employs a variety of statistical, probabilistic and optimization techniques that allows computers to “learn” from past examples and to detect hard-to-discern patterns from large, noisy or complex data sets. This capability is particularly well-suited to medical applications, especially those that depend on complex proteomic and genomic measurements. As a result, machine learning is frequently used in cancer diagnosis and detection. More recently machine learning has been applied to cancer prognosis and prediction. This latter approach is particularly interesting as it is part of a growing trend towards personalized, predictive medicine. In assembling this review we conducted a broad survey of the different types of machine learning methods being used, the types of data being integrated and the performance of these methods in cancer prediction and prognosis. A number of trends are noted, including a growing dependence on protein biomarkers and microarray data, a strong bias towards applications in prostate and breast cancer, and a heavy reliance on “older” technologies such artificial neural networks (ANNs) instead of more recently developed or more easily interpretable machine learning methods. A number of published studies also appear to lack an appropriate level of validation or testing. Among the better designed and validated studies it is clear that machine learning methods can be used to substantially (15–25%) improve the accuracy of predicting cancer susceptibility, recurrence and mortality. At a more fundamental level, it is also evident that machine learning is also helping to improve our basic understanding of cancer development and progression